Artemio M. Salazar
Sex: Male
Education:
Doctor of Philosophy in Plant Breeding, Iowa State University, Ames Iowa
Master of Science in Plant Breeding, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Los Baños Laguna
Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Chemistry, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Los Baños Laguna
Field of Specialization
Plant Breeding
Researches:
Article title: Effect of partial substitution of improved grasses with corn (Zea Mays) or sorghum (Sorghum Bicolor) silages on milk production of Holstein-Friesian x Sahiwal cows
Authors: Renzen Marie B. Jamisola, Karla Joy S. Ty, Artemio M. Salazar, Ayn Kristina M. Beltran, et al.
Publication title: Philippine Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences 44(1), 2018
Abstract:
Effect of partially substituting improved grasses – Napier (Pennisetum purpureum) and Guinea grass (Panicum maximum) combination – with 50% corn or sorghum silages on dry matter intake (DMI), milk production and body condition scores of nine Holstein-Friesian x Sahiwal cows were determined in a 23-day feeding trial. Cows were grouped and distributed following a 3x3 Latin Square Design based on 10-100, 101-200 and >200 days-in-milk (DIM.) No significant differences were observed on all of the response variables for 10-100 and 101-200 DIM fed with the three treatments. Morning DMI (7.07 kg) and total DMI (13.68 kg) of cows at >200 DIM was greatest (P =0.03) on animals fed 100% improved grass. Corn silage substitution at 50% of total DMI had the highest (P=0.05) afternoon milk yield (3.13 L/day) compared to the other two dietary treatments. In conclusion, corn or sorghum silage can replace improved grasses at 50% DM requirement without any general effect on milk production and body condition score.
Article title: The use of Grifflin’s Diallel Analysis in determining combining ability of Philippine Maize Inbred Lines for Yield under Biotic Stress of Bacterial Stalk Rot
Authors: Nuning A. Subekti and Artemio M. Salazar
Publication title: Penelitian Pertanian Tanaman Pangan 24(3), 2005
Abstract:
A Griffing’s diallel analysis Model 1was employed to determine the genetic inheritance of yield in six maize inbred lines consisting of four resistant and two susceptible inbred lines to bacterial stalk rot. A complete cross combinations of the lines were made at the University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB), Philippines, during the 2002 wet season (October 2002-January 2003) and the 2003 dry season (February-June 2003). The parental lines, F1 crosses, and F1 reciprocals were then evaluated using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with two replications at the Institute of Plant Breeding, Los Baños, Philippines, from November 2003 to February 2004. It was found that additive gene effects were more important than non-additive gene effects in the inheritance of yield. Estimates of general combining ability, specific combining ability, and reciprocal effects on yield were significant. S3YB 137-1-1-B and TUPI (S3) 5-1-B were two best general combiners. The best specific combining ability was performed by the cross S3YB 137-1-1-B x TUPI (S3) 15-2-B. The reciprocal effects were suspected due to extreme differences in yield between the survived genotypes and genotypes with 100% bacterial stalk rot infestation.
Article title: Estimate of genetic effects in six native maize varieties.
Authors: Guzman, P. S. and Salazar, A. M.
Publication title: Philippine Journal of Crop Science 17(2), 1992
Abstract:
Data on 8 yield components from 6 Zea mays cultivars were subjected to analysis of variance. Additive and dominant gene effects were highly significant for yield, plant and ear heights, ear length and ear diameter. Highly significant dominance effects were also noted for days to silking and shelling percentage. Heterotic effects were significant for days to silking and ear height, and highly significant for plant height and ear diameter. Composites involving the cultivars Tiniguib, Silangan 2 and Sapnit 348 are recommended for high yields.
Full text available upon request to the author
Article title: Prediction of maize (Zea mays L.) yield under moderately waterlogged condition using agronomic traits measured prior to harvesting.
Authors: Paril, J. F., Sanchez, M. A. B., Salazar, A. M.
Publication title: Philippine Journal of Crop Science 40(3), 2015
Abstract:
Maize production in the Philippines is facing constraints brought about by more intense and frequent rainfall resulting to excess soil moisture stress or waterlogging. Identification and assessment of agronomic traits related to waterlogging are keys to the development of tolerant cultivars. S1 families from two high yielding open-pollinated maize cultivars, IPB VAR6 (high lysine and tryptophan contents, also known as a quality protein maize cultivar) and IPB VAR13 (hybrid maize alternative of poor Filipino farmers), were evaluated under normal field soil moisture and moderate waterlogging conditions. Yield was used as the indicator of stress tolerance. For each cultivar, 20 S1 families were selected based on best linear unbiased yield predictors, estimated from models accounting for treatment, S1 family, and interaction effects. Correlation analysis indicated that anthesis-silking interval and adventitious root growth were not significantly correlated with yield. Yield prediction models utilizing 10 agronomic traits measured prior to harvesting as explanatory variables, were used to complement the correlation analysis. The models showed 69.1% and 73.1% adjusted R2 under normal field soil moisture and moderate waterlogging conditions, respectively. These models have potential applications in early yield prediction and in predicting yield when empirical yield data for some entries are lost due to inclement weather, pests, diseases and data mishandling.
Full text available upon request to the author
Article title: Assessment of genetic diversity of Philippine corn (Zea mays L.) germplasm set using nonparametric morphological characteristics.
Authors: Bon, S. G., Huelgas, V. C., Salazar, A. M.
Publication title: Philippine Journal of Crop Science 44(3), 2019
Abstract:
Three-hundred nineteen traditional and farmer's corn populations were characterized for 39 non-parametric traits to genetic diversity of Philippines corn germplasm collection set based on accession of assess. Analyses revealed intermediate to high H' values for most of the traits observed ranging from 0.40 to 0.98 in 31 of 39 traits of stem, leaf, ear, tassel, cob and kernel. Variation was expressed in terms of multiple morphotypes of traits and their relative frequencies. Cluster analysis based on similarity confirmed the high levels of genetic diversity with substantially high dissimilarity coefficient. Clustering was achieved at a low similarity coefficient of 0.39 where 10 groups can be identified and with 10 generally outlier accessions. Majority (70%) of the accessions generally fall within the first two large groups, Cluster 1 and Cluster 2. The closest two pairs of accessions were tied at maximum similarity of 0.82 and 0.85. Clustering was not found associated with the origin or provenances. However, pattern grouping was clear between old collections (collections mostly from 1980's to 2000s) and recent collections (collections from 2015-2016). Most of the recent collections were grouped at higher degree of similarity including the two closest pairs identified while old collections were grouped at lower degree of similarity. While the collection set was found generally diverse, results however showed that recently collected Philippine corn germplasm have reduced variability than the collections acquired about 20 to 30 yr ago. Results showed that the corn germplasm set conserved were still highly diverse despite rapid displacement, varietal homogenization and modernization of the corn agricultural landscape in the country.
Full text available upon request to the author
Article title: Patterns of variability in quantitative morpho-agronomic characteristics of Philippine traditional corn from selected provinces.
Authors: Bon, S. G., Huelgas, V. C., Roxas, G. R., Salazar, A. M.
Publication title: Philippine Journal of Crop Science 42(2), 2017
Abstract:
Two hundred recently collected traditional corn populations were characterized based on quantitative morpho-agronomic descriptors, aimed to assess the distribution and frequency of quantitative variation, determine the principal component of variation and similarity groupings of the collection. Data showed wide spread statistical range and high variance and standard deviation for kernel, tassel, plant and ear descriptors. Nine descriptors however, showed skewness, indicating aggregation of values towards either end of the range. Means indicated values closer to the unimproved corn types such as shorter plant heights, higher number of leaves, narrower stem diameter, lighter kernel weight, shorter ear length, early tasseling and silking, smaller kernel dimensions, smaller cob diameter, and non-synchronous flowering. As expected, collections were distributed over many classes ranging from 6 to all 10 frequency classes but generally falling within the 4 or 5 central classes. In general, values obtained indicated high variability of the collection having wide dispersion distributed to multiple class ranges. A cumulative 74.6% of sample variability was contributed by 11 PCs with the first 3 principal components explaining about 44.48% of the sample variation. PC1 was composed of 22 variables representing plant, tassel and ear characteristics. PC2 included tassel peduncle length and number of kernel rows while PC3 identified 100-kernel weight and kernel width. Number of primary branches of tassel and rachis diameter were not found significant in all primary axes. The collection clearly scattered over the biplot space but no clear pattern of provenance association can be identified. Weak groupings can be observed for some collections from Masbate, Oriental Mindoro and Agusan del Sur. Cluster analysis further confirmed inherent morpho-agronomic variability of the collection set where maximum clustering was achieved at 15.75 Euclidean distance coefficient. The collection can be grouped into two clusters with 9 outliers. Cluster II was the larger group with 3 sub-clusters while Cluster I was composed of 18 collections. Cluster II maybe sub-grouped into 3 smaller clusters IIA, IIB, IIC. No clear association to provenances was established but 21 of the Masbate collection clustered in IIA and 8 of 14 Aklan and 7 of 10 Agusan Del Sur collections both clustered in IIC. Cluster analysis validated high degree of variability of the collection set. The present study therefore confirmed the presence of considerable genetic diversity, outlined distribution patterns of variations observed and identified the principal components among the local corn germplasm. Recommendations were forwarded.
Full text available upon request to the author
Article title: Genomic selection in maize (Zea mays L.) population improvement for waterlogging tolerance.
Authors: Paril, J. F., Sanchez, M. A. B., Salazar, A. M. , Lalusin, A. G., et al.
Publication title: Philippine Journal of Crop Science 42(1), 2017
Abstract:
Excess soil moisture stress or waterlogging in maize is increasingly becoming a serious problem in the Philippines as a result of climate change. Waterlogging tolerance is best expressed in terms of yield reduction. Yield is a quantitative and polygenic trait Genomic selection promises a more efficient way of improving quantitative traits in crop plants. Genomic selection is a type of marker assisted selection which uses all available marker data, phenotype data and statistical models to predict performance. High variability was found in a population of 390 S1 families extracted from 39 Philippine traditional maize varieties in terms of yield under normal and excess soil moisture conditions. Genotyping-by-sequencing was implemented on 92 families sampled from the 390 S1 families tested for waterlogging tolerance. Genotype and phenotype data from the 92 lines were used to gauge the feasibility of using genomic selection in these traditional maize varieties and to perform a preliminary genome-wide association study. The prediction accuracies of the three genomic selection models RR-BLUP, Bayesian RR and Bayesian LASSO were close to zero for crop yield susceptibility index and ranged 0.16-.44 for yield per se under normal and stressed conditions. Larger population size should be used to improve prediction accuracies in maize genomic selection. Genome-wide association study detected 14 putative QTL for crop yield susceptibility index and two for yield under excess soil moisture stress, with significance level of 9.7×10-5 to 1.4×10-5, and power of 0.71 to 0.92. All the protein coding regions within 15 kb upstream and downstream of the QTL are not yet characterized, except for GRMZM2G179270 (putative S-locus receptor-like protein kinase family protein), GRMZM2G071986 (tetratricopeptide repeat-like superfamily) and GRMZM2G093705 (ATPase).
Full text available upon request to the author
Article title: Genomic selection in Maize (Zea mays L.) population improvement for Waterlogging Tolerance
Authors: Jefferson F. Paril, Maria Alma B. Sanchez, Artemio M. Salazar, Antonio G. Lalusin, et al.
Publication title: Philippine Journal of Crop Science 42(1), 2017
Abstract:
Excess soil moisture stress or waterlogging in maize is increasingly becoming a serious problem in the Philippines as a result of climate change. Waterlogging tolerance is best expressed in terms of yield reduction. Yield is a quantitative and polygenic trait. Genomic selection promises a more efficient way of improving quantitative traits in crop plants. Genomic selection is a type of marker assisted selection which uses all available marker data, phenotype data and statistical models to predict performance.High variability was found in a population of 390 S1 families extracted from 39 Philippine traditional maize varieties in terms of yield under normal and excess soil moisture conditions. Genotyping-by-sequencing was implemented on 92 families sampled from the 390 S1 families tested for waterlogging tolerance. Genotype and phenotype data from 92 lines were used to gauge the feasibility of using genomic selection in these traditional maize varieties and to perform a preliminary genome-wide association study. The prediction accuracies of the three genomic selection models RR-BLUP, Bayesian RR and Bayesian LASSO were close to zero for crop yield susceptibility index and rangers 0.16-.44 for yield per se, under normal and stressed conditions. Larger population size should be used to improve prediction accuracies in maize genomic selections. Genome-wide association study detected 14 putative QTL for crop yield susceptibility index and two for yield under excess soil moisture stress, with significance level of 9.7 x 10-5to 1.4 x10-5, and power of 0.71 to 0.92. All the protein coding regions within 15kb upstream and downstream of the QTL are not yet characterized except for GRMZM2G179270 (putative-S-locus receptor-like protein kinase family protein), GRMZM2G071986 (tetratricopeptide repeat-like superfamily) and GRMZM2G093705 (ATPase).
Thesis title : Effects of mass selection for ear length in maize
Authors: Artemio M. Salazar
Abstract:
Iowa Long Ear Synthetic (BSLE) was developed in 1957 from 12 long-eared maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines. After three generations of random mating, divergent mass selection for ear length was initiated in 1963 to determine the effects of selection on grain yield. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of 15 cycles of mass selection on ear length, yield, and other agronomic traits and to estimate the genetic variability present in BSLE original population and in subpopulations after 15 cycles of divergent mass selection for ear length;Evaluation of original and advanced cycles of BSLE subpopulations showed significant but asymmetrical response for ear length and most of the other taits. Greater response was exhibited with selection for shorter ears. The asymmetrical response for ear length was probably due to genetic asymmetry and greater environmental sensitivity of long-ear subpopulation compared with the short-ear subpopulation. The effects of genes controlling ear length were also concluded to be small because the asymmetric response was not immediate. Heterosis was detected in the crosses of advanced cycles suggesting significant difference in gene frequencies in the short-ear and long-ear subpopulations with the expression of incomplete dominance for ear length;Genetic variation in the advanced populations, cycle 15 short-ear (BSLE C15S) and cycle 15 long-ear (C15L), was found to be similar to the original population (BSLE C0). Further progress was predicted and would continue to be asymmetrical in future cycles of divergent mass selection for ear length. Indirect selection, based on ear length, was not effective for increasing grain yield. Correlated effects for divergent mass selection were opposite for the short-ear and long-ear subpopulations.
Full text available upon request to the author
Article title: Classifying Farmer-Bred Maize (Zea mays L.) Varieties into Heterotic Groups using Broad-Based Testers
Authors: Tonette P. Laudel, John Paolo P. Nuñez , Rehel A. Diaz, Jerome S. Burgonio, et al.
Publication title: Philippine Journal of Crop Science 43(3), 2018
Abstract:
Through many decades of farmers’ selection, the farmer-bred maize varieties (or native varieties) from the Philippines formed unique potential in adaptation and proven to be genetically-diverse. But its utilization in varietal improvement programs is less explored due to their low yield. Using broad-based elite maize populations as testers, the study aimed in classifying 70 farmer-bred varieties into heterotic groups. Testcross progenies were generated during the 2015 DS followed by field evaluation in replicated trials at Pangasinan, Isabela, and UPLB from 2016-2017. ANOVA revealed significant effects of native (farmer-bred variety), tester, and native x tester interaction for important traits like YIELD, EPP, EL, FW, and GW. Combining ability estimates based on YIELD were used in generating GGE biplots and dendrogram. Three clusters, which are also equivalent to the proposed heterotic groups, explained 61.2% of the variation in combining ability of farmer-bred varieties and testers. Broad-based testers representing each group are chosen and may be used to classify other farmer-bred varieties in the future. Farmer-bred varieties with high GCA are recommended for intra-population improvement, while testcrosses exhibiting high SCA may be directly considered as potential population hybrids. Traits from farmer-bred varieties will also be incorporated to further improve the elite maize populations (used as testers). The study is an effort to manage farmer-bred variety or germplasm through the proposed heterotic groupings, in order to utilize them in maize varietal improvement programs in the country. Further experimentation is needed to validate the proposed heterotic groupings.
Article title: Genetic repeatability, phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variability of whie maize (Zea mays L.) populations
Authors: Maria Lara B. Balingasa and Artemio M. Salazar
Publication title: Journal of BIMP-EAGA Regional Development 3(2), 2017
Abstract:
A plant breeder’s success in executing any breeding program depends greatly in the presence and amount of genetic variation including the genetic repeatability of the traits of interest. Fifteen white maize populations available at the Institute of Plant Breeding (IPB), University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB) were grown and evaluated at the Central Mindanao University (CMU) and UPLB on July and December 2011 respectively, to assess the genetic repeatability and the estimates of genetic coefficient. Different maize characters such as yield, days to anthesis , days to silking, plant and ear height, stand count, number of ears, ear length, ear diameter and shelling percentage were studied. The results revealed that in terms of repeatability, yield (31%), plant height (34.88), ear height (41.84%), and shelling percentage (35.54%) obtained moderate values while the rest of the traits indicated low values. Estimates of phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) exhibited moderate values for yield, stand count and number of ears while low values were indicated by all of the traits for genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV). Low magnitude of GCV as well as moderate genetic repeatability for the traits being investigated suggests that these parameters were under the control of environmental effects.
Article title: Views and suggestions for research collaboration among national maize programs in the Asian Region: perspective from the Philippines
Authors: Artemio M. Salazar
Publication title: Proceedings of the Asian Regional Maize Research Planning and Coordination Meeting, 1994
Abstract: No available
Papers Presented
Article title: Insect Resistance Management: the Philippines Experience
Authors: B.F. Cayabyab, W.R. Cuaterno, E.P. Alcantara, S.C. Halos, J.M. Belen, M. Salazar
Publication title: Proceeding of the Tenth Asian Regional Maize Workshop, 2008
Abstract:
Bt corn is cultivated over about 300 000 ha in the Philippines, which ranks 13th among countries cultivating genetically modified (GM) crops over 50 000 ha or more. The Philippines was the first country in Asia to formulate biosafety rules and regulations on GM crops. Insect Resistance Management (IRM) is a major component of the measures prescribed by the Philippines government governing the cultivation of GM crops such as Bt corn. In this paper, we present an outline of the cooperative endeavors relating to Bt corn taken up by technology developers (Monsanto, Pioneer, Syngenta and academic institutions), regulators, farmers and scientists. So far, there has been no observed development of resistance by from Asian corn borer to Bt corn. The country services of the IRM Technical Advisory Team of the Department of Agriculture of the Government of the Philippines. This strategy has been incorporated into the requirements stipulated for the continued commercialization of Bt corn (MON 810) by Monsanto. Soon, RR soybean, Bt cotton, PRSV-resistant papaya, vitamin A-fortified rice and Bt eggplant will be commercially available in the country.