Sex: Male
Education:
- Doctor of Philosophy in Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, 2015
- Master of Public Management, University of the Philippines Open University, 2020
- Master of Science in Environment Management, Kyoto University, 2012
- Diploma in Environment and Natural Resources Management, University of the Philippines Open University, 2009
- Bachelor of Science in Industrial Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman, 2002
Field of Specialization:
Disaster Risk Reduction
Disaster Management
Environmental Science
Disaster Preparedness
Environmental Management
Risk Communication
Risk Assessment
Risk Management
Risk Analysis
Researches:
Article title: COVID-19 as a Revelation: Challenges in Global Health Diplomacy & Disaster Diplomacy
Authors: E. William Colglazier, Michaela Told, Mamadi Yilla, Juan Garay, Glenn Fernandez
Publication title: Science and Diplomacy, May 2021
Abstract:
No available
Full text link https://tinyurl.com/kw8ha7ww
Article title: System approach for flood vulnerability and community resilience assessment at the local level -a case study of Sakon Nakhon Province, Thailand
Authors: Indrajit Pala, Puvadol Doydeeb, Tatsanawalai Utarasakulc, Piyanuch Jaikaewd, Khamarrul Azahari Bin Razake, Glenn Fernandezf, Tailin Huangg, Chian Siau Chen
Publication title: Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences 42:107-116
Abstract:
Field-based academic researches play a vital role in the identication of key issues contributing to disaster vulnerability and in uncovering of policy recommendations that will help in reducing vulnerability and improving community resilience. Vulnerability to disasters is embedded in a complex system of societal structures and processes. It is driven by a combination of social, economic, environmental, institutional, and other relevant processes that interact with and inuence each other. Thus, assessment of disaster vulnerability requires an approach that captures the dynamics of drivers of disaster vulnerability and accounts for the interactions among them. System approach to disaster vulnerability assessment could be an effective method to understand the drivers of disaster vulnerability and interactions among them. The system approach seeks to look at a problem in its entirety, considering all the facets, all the intertwined parameters to identify the optimum solutions to the problem. Thus, the primary objective of this paper is to review the existing eld-based approaches to ood vulnerability assessment aimed at understanding the extent to which system approach has been adopted and identifying gaps in current approaches. Along with a comprehensive review of existing research on ood vulnerability assessment, this paper will also use learnings from an on-going research project on ood vulnerability assessment using system approach at the local level in Sakon Nakhon Province, Thailand.
Full text link https://tinyurl.com/f444z3ve
Article title: Youth Participation in Post-Terrorist Attack Recovery: A Case Study in Southern Philippines
Authors: Maria Cecilia Ferolin and Glenn Fernandez
Publication title: Prehospital and disaster medicine: the official journal of the National Association of EMS Physicians and the World Association for Emergency and Disaster Medicine in association with the Acute Care Foundation 34(s1):s14-s14
Abstract:
Introduction In the southern Philippines, human-induced disasters, such as terrorist attacks, have caused unprecedented damage to the economic, social, and political life of the attacked and nearby areas. More gruesome is the direct impacts to human life and wellbeing. This study focuses on the 2017 Marawi armed siege, the longest urban battle in the Philippines. The 154-day siege took a heavy toll, including 1,132 deaths among militants, soldiers, police, and civilians, and caused the displacement of some 400,000 local inhabitants. The city is in total ruins leaving its economic center as “Ground 0.” The aftermath of the siege demands major interventions to address physical and economic damages, but more importantly, to ameliorate the human impacts caused by the brutalities of war. The displaced peoples need to recover from health impacts – psychological trauma, as well as social, environmental, and cultural. The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) 2015-2030 states that DRR requires society-wide engagement. Everyone, regardless of their age, gender, ethnicity, religion, or socio-economic position, should be involved in thinking, planning, and deciding about DRR. Studies on youth participation in disaster recovery are still scarce. Aim This current research aims to help fill this gap and to contribute to providing the much-needed evidence base for the formulation and implementation of future policies to enable and improve youth participation in post-disaster initiatives in the Philippines. Results Initial findings reveal that the following are crucial factors for youth mobilization: (1.) avenues for volunteering, (2.) access to adequate resources and support including information, funds, manpower, and social capital, (3.) opportunities for the youth to participate in the form of events or activities, (4.) legal mandate for youth participation in local, national, and international policies and frameworks. The study also looked at barriers or challenges to youth participation and their motivations.
Full text available upon request to the author
Article title: “Build back better” approach to disaster recovery: Research trends since 2006
Authors: Glenn Fernandez and Iftekhar Ahmed
Publication title: Progress in Disaster Science 1:100003, May 2019
Abstract:
The “build back better” (BBB) approach to disaster recovery was first introduced in 2006 by the United Nations Secretary-General's Special Envoy for Tsunami Recovery, former US President William Clinton. In 2015, BBB became the second half of Priority 4 of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030, in recognition of its widespread use and adoption among disaster risk management practitioners, policy-makers, and researchers. This paper aims to summarize the significant advances related to BBB research in the past 13 years, and is expected to provide an overview of where the BBB concept and the related policy and practice are heading in the coming years. Themes identified from existing research include: the development of a BBB framework and of indicators; the spread of BBB research worldwide; practical examples of how to apply BBB principles; policies, legislation, and governance for supporting BBB; role of different stakeholders and actors; and capacity building for BBB. In theory, BBB is a desirable goal, but numerous experiences have proved that it is quite challenging to implement in practice. Additional research on BBB is needed to contribute to its successful implementation. Keywords: Sendai framework, Priority 4, Reconstruction, Theory vs. practice
Full text link https://tinyurl.com/d366r3ra
Article title: Factors Influencing Fire, Earthquake, and Cyclone Risk Perception in Yangon, Myanmar
Authors: GlennFernandez, Aye Min Tun, Kenji Okazaki, Saw Htwe Zaw, Kyaw Kyaw
Publication title: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 28, February 2018
Abstract:
This study investigated the factors that influence fire, earthquake, and cyclone risk perception in Yangon, Myanmar. In a survey, 199 respondents (85 males and 114 females, mean age 51 (SD 12), age range 17-80) rated seven risk perception items on a Likert scale of 1 to 5. Ordered probit regression was performed on the ratings and the socio-demographic and experiential factors of the respondents to determine if relationships exist between them. The Nagelkerke pseudo-R2 values of our ordered probit regression models range from 0.021 to 0.125. The results show that different sets of factors influence risk perception of fire, of earthquake, and of cyclone. One finding that is common across the three hazards is that none of the socio-demographic and experiential factors seem to influence the perceived ability to control the impacts of fire, earthquake, and cyclone. The results of this study can be used to fill in the gap in empirical risk perception research in Yangon and to encourage education campaigns necessary to enhance the residents’ understanding of and preparedness for disaster risks.
Full text available upon request to the author
Article title: Livelihood Strategies after the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami in Banda Aceh, Indonesia
Authors: Nafesa Ismail Kenji Okazaki, Chiho Ochiai, Glenn Fernandez
Publication title: Procedia Engineering 212:551-558, January 2018
Abstract:
The 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami disaster which affected Indonesia, particularly the Aceh Province, left devastating impacts to the people and their livelihoods. The tsunami waves wiped out 800 kilometres of coastline and 3,000 hectares of land, killing many and caused permanent land losses including aquaculture ponds. This resulted in disruption of the households’ livelihood that relies on aquaculture activities as well as on the natural resources such as the mangroves found in the aquaculture farms along the coastal areas. This study aims to understand the impacts of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami disaster on the households’ livelihood, and the interventions from the government and non-government organisations (NGOs) to help rebuild household’s livelihood. The study also identifies the livelihood strategies households had taken to adapt to their current livelihood. Information from 77 households was collected for analysis. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected between September 2015 to March 2017 through questionnaire surveys, semi-structured interviews, observations, and group discussion to understand the livelihood recovery experience of disaster-affected households. Household who previously were involved in aquaculture farming, traditional cigarette making and fishing had taken up livelihood strategies such as agricultural intensification and livelihood diversification to attain income security and better well-being of education opportunities for their children and better housing condition to live and conduct their home-based businesses.
Full text available upon request to the author
Article title: Livelihood Changes in Banda Aceh, Indonesia after the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami
Authors: Nafesa Ismail Kenji Okazaki, Chiho Ochiai, Glenn Fernandez
Publication title: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 28, September 2017
Abstract:
The 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami disaster heavily affected Indonesia, particularly Aceh Province, leaving devastating impacts to people and their livelihoods. The tsunami wiped out coastal areas, causing permanent land loss and destroying aquaculture ponds and mangrove forests. This resulted in disruption in the community's sources of income, especially to those who rely on aquaculture activities as well as on gathering resources from the sea. This paper analyses households’ livelihood changes in Pande Village, Banda Aceh City by assessing livelihood assets before, immediately after, and 12 years after the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami disaster in Indonesia. Data from 77 households were collected in a survey conducted in September 2016. This study tracked the changes in the human, financial, physical, natural, and social assets of the households to understand how these changes led to livelihood outcomes and eventually to disaster recovery. One of the findings is that the destruction of aquaculture ponds and mangroves significantly reduced the potential of reviving livelihoods that were mainly relying on coastal resources. As a consequence, households took up non-aquaculture livelihood activities, such as going into business, driving rickshaws, and providing manual labour, to support their family.
Full text available upon request to the author
Article title: Youth participation in disaster risk reduction through science clubs in the Philippines
Authors: Glenn Fernandez and Rajib Shaw
Publication title: Disasters 39(2), November 2014
Abstract:
With the UN-led celebration of the International Year of Youth from August 2010 to August 2011 there has been a renewed interest in young people and the vital role they can play in important issues, such as disaster risk reduction (DRR). This study aims to examine the potential of science clubs as a vehicle for youth participation in DRR in the Philippines. A questionnaire survey was conducted to obtain quantitative and qualitative data. A total of 658 science club members from different provinces of the Philippines participated in the survey. The result of the survey is used to explain how the major barriers to youth participation in DRR can be overcome. Through science clubs, the youth can become a link between their school, home and community and can contribute to spreading knowledge about disaster prevention, preparedness and response learned inside and outside the classroom.
Full text available upon request to the author
Article title: Participation of Youth Councils in Local-Level HFA Implementation in Infanta and Makati, Philippines and Its Policy Implications
Authors: Glenn Fernandez and Rajib Shaw
Publication title: Risk, Hazards & Crisis in Public Policy 5(3), September 2014
Abstract:
The youth are recognized to have enormous potential in addressing concerns like disaster risk reduction (DRR) because of their energy and number. In the 2010 DRR law of the Philippines, the government is encouraging youth participation in DRR activities, such as in organizing quick response groups, as well as in the inclusion of DRR in youth council projects. To investigate the extent of youth participation in DRR, questionnaire surveys and interviews were conducted in 36 villages of Infanta Municipality and 33 villages of Makati City. Respondents were asked to rate their involvement in and prioritization of the village-level implementation of 20 relevant Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) tasks and to share details about their past, present, and future DRR activities. The study finds that although youth councils place high importance to almost all of the HFA tasks, few youth councils have a clear understanding of what is expected of them. Research findings show that little has been done to actually involve the youth in DRR in their community, especially in villages where youth councils did not allocate DRR funds. This study tries to contribute to empirical research on the visibility and significance of the roles of young people in DRR.
Full text available upon request to the author
Article title: Youth Council Participation in Disaster Risk Reduction in Infanta and Makati, Philippines: A Policy Review
Authors: Glenn Fernandez and Rajib Shaw
Publication title: International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 4(3):126-136, September 2013
Abstract:
Participatory disaster risk reduction (DRR) has been promoted to integrate the views of multiple actors and stakeholders and involve people in the decisions that affect their lives. Since 1974, a number of national policies in the Philippines have been encouraging the involvement of the Filipino youth in DRR initiatives in their communities. This study reviews the implementation of these policies through the Sangguniang Kabataan (youth councils) in Infanta Municipality and Makati City on the island of Luzon. It attempts to show the discrepancies between ideal scenarios reflected in the policies and actual youth council participation in DRR in practice by examining the availability of funds for youth councils to conduct DRR activities; the knowledge of youth council officials on the 2010 DRR law (Republic Act 10121); and the role of youth council officials in the Barangay (village level) DRR Committees. Several recommendations on how to enhance youth council participation in DRR are presented. Lessons from the Philippine policy experience can be useful for other countries in raising the involvement of their youth in DRR.
Full text link https://tinyurl.com/2epsydah
Book Chapters:
Chapter title: Disaster risk reduction education
Authors: Glenn Fernandez
Publication title: Routledge Handbook of Environmental Hazards and Society, 2022
Abstract:
Education has been shown to contribute to saving lives, reducing property and infrastructure losses, and accelerating disaster recovery. This chapter provides a brief overview of disaster risk reduction education. First, it characterizes and gives examples of the three categories of disaster risk reduction education: formal, non-formal, and informal. Next, it describes formal education in Japan and the Philippines as examples of how countries have integrated disaster risk reduction into their national education curricula. Last, the chapter discusses the effectiveness of disaster risk reduction education by looking at the indicators used in the assessments of learning and the intervals at which these assessments are conducted. Based on the results reported by various researchers, the focus should be on assessing the impact on behavior change and actions rather than on just knowledge gains. This approach will be in line with the aim of disaster risk reduction education to contribute toward a culture of disaster prevention and safety among learners.
Chapter title: Grant for Global Sustainability Project: Enhancing the Urban Disaster Resilience of Kathmandu and Yangon Through Local Participatory Platform Activities
Authors: Glenn Fernandez & Kenji Okazaki
Publication title: Global Summit of Research Institutes for Disaster Risk Reduction, 2021
Abstract:
Catastrophic disasters have been occurring frequently all over the world in recent years, killing hundreds of thousands of people. Urban disaster risk is also on the rise due to rapid urban growth and due to vulnerable buildings and infrastructure. Hence, the enhancement of urban resilience against disasters is one of the urgent and important global issues. A Grant for Global Sustainability (GGS) Project was implemented by the Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies (GSGES) of Kyoto University in the pilot cities of Kathmandu, Nepal, Yangon, and Myanmar, aiming to enhance the resilience of the two cities against disasters through capacity building of local stakeholders. Kathmandu tackled earthquake risk while Yangon tackled earthquake, cyclone, and fire risks. The two cities established a local platform where stakeholders can work together to understand and assess the disaster risk of the city, estimate probable disaster damages, propose policies, and make action plans. In order to facilitate these activities, local counterpart organizations were selected from local governments, universities, and NGOs. In addition, the local universities and NGOs and GSGES conducted several joint research on urban seismic risk assessment; wind vulnerability; disaster education; risk perception and housing safety; and social fairness of action plans and policies to support the enhancement of urban disaster resilience. The goals of this project were to contribute to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, to attain effective and robust science–policy interfaces at the local level, and to contribute to the implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030. The pilot cities are expected to transfer their experiences to other cities in their country and in neighboring countries. In order to disseminate the findings of the project and exchange information, international conferences were held twice, one at the beginning and another at the end of the three-year project.
Chapter title: Urban Disasters and Risk Communication Through Youth Organizations in the Philippines
Authors: Glenn Fernandez and Rajib Shaw
Publication title: Urban Disasters and Resilience in Asia
Abstract:
It has been shown that traditional mass media (i.e., television, radio, print, recordings, cinema) cannot meet all of the information sharing and communication needs before, during, and after disasters occur. The Internet and mobile communication technologies open many new opportunities for disaster risk reduction (DRR) coordination among individual persons, communities, government agencies, and other stakeholders. In recent years, the use of social media in DRR settings has spread around the world. Twitter, Facebook, and crowdsourcing tools such as Ushahidi and Open Street Map are increasingly being used to collect and disseminate information on the needs of local communities, enhancing the participation of citizens, especially of technology-savvy young people. In this chapter, we present examples of the use of traditional and modern mass media in risk communication by youth organizations (i.e., community-based youth councils, school-based clubs, youth NGOs, etc.) in urban areas in the Philippines.
Chapter title: Education, Training, and Capacity Building for Sustainable Development
Authors: Glenn Fernandez & Rajib Shaw
Publication title: Sustainable Development and Disaster Risk Reduction
Abstract:
The United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (DESD) ended in 2014. This chapter reviews the activities of the DESD in the area of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) education. Examples of education, training, and capacity building initiatives in formal and non-formal DRR education are presented. The role of higher education institution (HEI) consortia and other international networks in advancing DRR education is highlighted. The remaining challenges of utilizing DRR education as a tool to build a culture of disaster resilience will also be discussed to explore how DRR education can be enhanced and promoted more widely post-2014.
Chapter title: Usefulness of a Sustainability Literacy Test
Authors: Thi Kinh Kieu, Glenn Fernandez & Rajib Shaw
Publication title: Sustainable Development and Disaster Risk Reduction
Abstract:
This chapter will trace the history, development, and purpose of the Sustainability Literacy Test (SLT) being promoted by several universities worldwide to ensure that they are producing sustainability literate graduates. A comparison between SLT and similar pioneering tests will be made to offer insights on lessons learned from past experiences and provide suggestions for improving SLT. In addition, this chapter will present initial feedback from Kyoto University students, who were among the first batch of students in Asia to take the global pilot version of the test in 2014, on how they found SLT and what recommendations they could share to make SLT more useful from the perspective of test-takers.
Chapter title: Sustainable Development and Disaster Risk Reduction Post-2015
Authors: Nitin Srivastava, Glenn Fernandez, Rajarshi DasGupta, Akhilesh Surjan & Rajib Shaw
Publication title: Sustainable Development and Disaster Risk Reduction, October 2015
Abstract:
Disaster risk reduction needs to be mainstreamed with development, and it has been increasingly identified at the global level. This chapter explores the direction of inclusion of disaster risk reduction (DRR) and resilience in sustainable development goals post-2015. The Rio+20 Conference also stressed the same principle in its outcome document. However, investment for DRR, enhancement of disaster knowledge and access to such information and building conducive international environment still pose challenges in post-2015 scenario.
Chapter title: Lessons from the Recovery of the Education Sector After the Indian Ocean Tsunami
Authors: Glenn Fernandez, Rajib Shaw & Miwa Abe
Publication title: Recovery from the Indian Ocean Tsunami, 2014
Abstract:
In the aftermath of a disaster, the repair and reconstruction of schools can symbolize community survival. The resumption of classes can be one of the most effective ways to demonstrate a return to normalcy to the local population. Schools become the glue that holds a fractured community together. This chapter reviews the recovery of the education sector after the Indian Ocean Tsunami, emphasizing the similarities and differences in the recovery experience across India, Indonesia, the Maldives, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. Good practices as well as unsuccessful attempts in several issues, such as education sector recovery coordination, resumption of classes, reconstruction and relocation of schools, school-community partnerships, integration of disaster risk reduction education into the school curriculum, and reaching out to the most disadvantaged children, are highlighted to provide valuable lessons for education sector recovery in future disasters.
Chapter title: Climate Change Education: Recent Trends and Future Prospects
Authors: Glenn Fernandez, Tong Thi My Thi & Rajib Shaw
Publication title: Education for Sustainable Development and Disaster Risk Reduction
Abstract:
Education is a critical element in our response to climate change. Climate change education (CCE) can help us plan and implement adaptations with respect to current and future impacts of climate change. In this chapter, we will review the status of CCE in the Philippines and Vietnam, two of the countries that are most at risk to climate threats. In order to address the complex climate change problem, CCE curricula should be informed by dialogue between the academe and those most likely to be affected by the impacts of climate change, in a transdisciplinary approach. Out-of-school settings for CCE should be explored and utilized. By providing several avenues for CCE, we might be able to engage learners in discussing the causes and urgent implications of climate change and what needs to be done and achieved. Learners need to develop the knowledge, attitudes, and skills to make informed decisions and to act upon these decisions. In addition, CCE developed within the overall context of Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) and closely aligned with disaster risk reduction (DRR) education can contribute to safeguarding development gains and building resilience in countries vulnerable to the negative impacts of climate change.
Chapter title: Chapter 11 Community-Based Disaster Risk Management Experience of the Philippines
Authors: Glenn Fernandez, Noralene Uy, Rajib Shaw
Publication title: Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction
Abstract:
Community-based disaster risk management (CBDRM) initiatives have strong roots in Philippine society not only because of the country's contributory vulnerability to disasters but also because of a culture of community cooperation known as bayanihan and a history of social movement driven by the citizens’ discontent with bad governance leading to social injustice and environmental degradation (Heijmans, 2009). CBDRM in the Philippines has been a mechanism for change within civil society (Allen, 2006; Heijmans, 2009). In this way, community-based approaches are a fundamental form of empowerment of participants and a compelling strategy for enforcing the transmission of ideas and claims from the bottom up (Allen, 2006).
Chapter title: School Damages in Asian Countries and Their Implication to Tohoku Recovery
Authors: Glenn Fernandez
Publication title: East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami: Evacuation, Communication, Education, and Volunteerism
Chapter title: Innovative Approaches in Disaster Education
Authors: Koichi Shiwaku, Glenn Fernandez
Publication title: Disaster Education, July 2011
Abstract:
In the previous chapters, disaster education was discussed based on the aspect of the place where disaster education was conducted – in school, in the household, and in the community. Generally, school disaster education is regarded as formal disaster education, while household and community disaster education as informal disaster education. School-based stand-alone courses are perhaps the easiest programs to implement on a large scale and within a short time frame (Petal, 2009). However, to achieve community-based disaster management, stakeholder involvement is important. If students learn with the community, the learning may be regarded as informal or semi-formal education. When the community, including students, learn about disaster management, local contexts are important to be considered. Anticipated hazards, stakeholders, availability of human and physical resources, extent of threatened or affected area, culture, history, and other various factors can be taken into account. In addition, when the community and students learn together, there are at least two actors. This means that disaster education programs should focus on both community members and students as the target learners. Therefore, such education programs cannot be discussed from the aspect of place of education like school, community, or household. Shaw and Takeuchi (2008) emphasized the importance of the participatory approach. Thus, it is necessary to consider how education programs should be conducted. As described before, it is necessary to consider various factors and situations in order to provide disaster education programs that meet local contexts. In this regard, a standardized disaster education program is not appropriate. Therefore, people/organizations who/that organize disaster education programs should need to play important roles so that the disaster education program becomes effective. In other words, the organizers need to consider how they provide disaster education as well as what they provide.
Chapter title: Climate and Disaster Resilience Mapping in City Clusters
Authors: Glenn Fernandez, Yukiko Takeuchi, Rajib Shaw
Publication title: Climate and Disaster Resilience in Cities, March 2011
Abstract:
In recent years, several studies have focused on city clusters like megacities and mega urban areas, as they concentrate a significant part of the world's human population and critical economic assets in potentially hazardous locations (Yusuf, 2007; WWF, 2009; Kraas, 2007; Jones, 2009). Metro Manila is one of such megacities, where even “regular” disasters affect a large number of people. The rapid pace of urbanization, coupled with an ever-increasing population burden, has significantly increased the overall vulnerability of urban agglomerations to natural disasters. By 2050, world population is expected to reach 9 billion people. Large numbers of people will be concentrated in megacities and on fragile lands, making the reduction of vulnerability to disasters in metropolitan areas a critical challenge facing development. Unmanaged rapid urban growth strains the capacity of national and local governments to provide even the most basic of services such as health, food, shelter, employment, and education. The challenge then is for the national government and most especially the local governments to develop effective policies, programs, and strategies that will help them manage urbanization to ensure development.
Chapter title: From Resilience Mapping to Action Planning
Authors: Glenn Fernandez, Yukiko Takeuchi, Rajib Shaw
Publication title: Climate and Disaster Resilience in Cities, March 2011
Abstract:
Climate and disaster resilience mapping has been discussed in detail in Chapter 3. The Climate Disaster Resilience Index (CDRI) as a comprehensive and well-structured methodology for measuring the resilience of cities is presented, as well as the differences between CDRI and various assessment tools. The resilience of cities, or their agglomerations or subzones, is being measured because cities are seen to be at a suitable level to efficiently initiate action, especially in developing countries where unplanned or haphazard urbanization is a major risk factor. But for climate and disaster resilience mapping to be of value, it should be followed by action planning. Having a vision for the future and charting a course to achieve it is what action planning is about. Studies have consistently shown that vision, planning, and goal setting can positively influence cities’ organizational performance. Action planning can compel future thinking, highlight new opportunities and threats, and refocus a city's mission. Productive action planning focuses on the most critical problems, choices, and opportunities. Action planning requires time and a process. If used effectively, it is a powerful tool for self-management and goal-based achievement. Action planning typically includes deciding who is going to do what and by when and in what order for the city to reach its long-term goals. The design and implementation of the action planning depend on the nature and needs of the city.
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